 | |
| Geography |
|
Largest country in the world in terms of area but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) for agriculture; Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak
|
| Location: |
Northern Asia (the area west of the Urals is considered part of Europe), bordering the Arctic Ocean, between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean
|
| Geographic coordinates: |
60 00 N, 100 00 E
|
| Area: |
total: 17,098,242 sq km
land:
16,377,742 sq km
water:
720,500 sq km
Size comparison:
approximately 1.8 times the size of the US
|
| Land Boundaries: |
total: 20,241.5 km
border countries:
Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 17.5 km, Latvia 292 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 196 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km
|
| Coastline: |
37,653 km
|
| Maritime claims: |
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone:
24 nm
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
continental shelf:
200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
|
| Climate: |
ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast
|
| Terrain: |
broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions
|
| Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point:
Gora El'brus 5,633 m
|
| Natural resources: |
wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber
note:
formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources
|
| Land use: |
arable land: 7.17%
permanent crops:
0.11%
other:
92.72% (2005)
|
| Irrigated land: |
46,000 sq km (2003)
|
| Natural hazards: |
permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Russia
|
| Current Environment Issues: |
air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides
|
| International Environment Agreements: |
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94
|
| ^Back to Top |
| People |
| Population: |
140,041,247 (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9
|
| Age structure: |
0-14 years: 14.8% (male 10,644,833/female 10,095,011)
15-64 years:
71.5% (male 48,004,040/female 52,142,313)
65 years and over:
13.7% (male 5,880,877/female 13,274,173) (2009 est.)
|
| Median age: |
total: 38.4 years
male:
35.2 years
female:
41.6 years (2009 est.)
|
| Population growth rate: |
-0.467% (2009 est.)
|
| Birth rate: |
11.1 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
| Death rate: |
16.06 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
|
| Net migration rate: |
0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
|
| Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.44 male(s)/female
total population:
0.86 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
|
| Infant mortality rate: |
total: 10.56 deaths/1,000 live births
male:
12.08 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
8.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
|
| Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 66.03 years
male:
59.33 years
female:
73.14 years (2009 est.)
|
| Total fertility rate: |
1.41 children born/woman (2009 est.)
|
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
1.1% (2007 est.)
|
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
940,000 (2007 est.)
|
| HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
40,000 (2007 est.)
|
| Nationality: |
noun: Russian(s)
adjective:
Russian
|
| Ethnic groups: |
Russian 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%, Chuvash 1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census)
|
| Religions: |
Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)
note:
estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule
|
| Languages: |
Russian, many minority languages
|
| Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
99.4%
male:
99.7%
female:
99.2% (2002 census)
|
| ^Back to Top |
| Government |
| Country name: |
conventional long form: Russian Federation
conventional short form:
Russia
local long form:
Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
local short form:
Rossiya
former:
Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
|
| Government type: |
federation
|
| Capital: |
name: Moscow
geographic coordinates:
55 45 N, 37 35 E
time difference:
UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time:
+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
note:
Russia is divided into 11 time zones
|
| Administrative divisions: |
46 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respublik, singular - respublika), 4 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnykh okrugov, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 krays (krayev, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (goroda, singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast (avtonomnaya oblast')
oblasts:
Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad, Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'
republics:
Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)
autonomous okrugs:
Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)
krays:
Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm', Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol', Zabaykal'sk (Chita)
federal cities:
Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg]
autonomous oblast:
Yevrey [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)
note:
administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)
|
| Independence: |
24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
|
| National holiday: |
Russia Day, 12 June (1990)
|
| Constitution: |
adopted 12 December 1993
|
| Legal system: |
based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
| Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal
|
| Executive branch: |
chief of state: President Dmitriy Anatolyevich MEDVEDEV (since 7 May 2008)
head of government:
Premier Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 8 May 2008); First Deputy Premiers Igor Ivanovich SHUVALOV and Viktor Alekseyevich ZUBKOV (since 12 May 2008); Deputy Premiers Sergey Borisovich IVANOV (since 12 May 2008), Dmitriy Nikolayevich KOZAK (since 14 October 2008), Aleksey Leonidovich KUDRIN (since 24 September 2007), Igor Ivanovich SECHIN (since 12 May 2008), Sergey Semenovich SOBYANIN (since 12 May 2008), Aleksandr Dmitriyevich ZHUKOV (since 9 March 2004)
cabinet:
Ministries of the Government or "Government" composed of the premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the president
note:
there is also a Presidential Administration (PA) that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president
elections:
president elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 2 March 2008 (next to be held in March 2012); note - the term length was extended to six years in late 2008, to go into effect following the 2012 presidential election; there is no vice president; if the president dies in office, cannot exercise his powers because of ill health, is impeached, or resigns, the premier serves as acting president until a new presidential election is held, which must be within three months; premier appointed by the president with the approval of the Duma
election results:
Dmitriy MEDVEDEV elected president; percent of vote - Dmitriy MEDVEDEV 70.2%, Gennady ZYUGANOV 17.7%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKY 9.4%, Andrey BOGDANOV 1.3%
|
| Legislative branch: |
bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of an upper house, the Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (168 seats; as of July 2000, members appointed by the top executive and legislative officials in each of the 84 federal administrative units - oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and the federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg; serve four-year terms) and a lower house, the State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats; as of 2007, all members elected by proportional representation from party lists winning at least 7% of the vote; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections:
State Duma - last held 2 December 2007 (next to be held in December 2011)
election results:
State Duma - United Russia 64.3%, CPRF 11.5%, LDPR 8.1%, Just Russia 7.7%, other 8.4%; total seats by party - United Russia 315, CPRF 57, LDPR 40, Just Russia 38
|
| Judicial branch: |
Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Supreme Arbitration Court; judges for all courts are appointed for life by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president
|
| Political parties and leaders: |
A Just Russia [Sergey MIRONOV]; Communist Party of the Russian Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy Andreyevich ZYUGANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party of Russia or LDPR [Vladimir Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY]; Patriots of Russia [Gennadiy SEMIGIN]; People's Union [Sergey BABURIN]; Right Cause [Leonid Yakovlevich GOZMAN, Boris Yuriyevich TITOV, and Georgiy Georgiyevich BOVT] (registration pending; formed from merger of Union of Right Forces, Democratic Party of Russia, and Civic Force); United Russia [Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN]; Yabloko Party [Sergey Sergeyevich MITROKHIN]
|
| Political pressure groups and leaders: |
Association of Citizens with Initiative of Russia (TIGR); Confederation of Labor of Russia (KTR); Federation of Independent Labor Unions of Russia; Freedom of Choice Interregional Organization of Automobilists; Glasnost Defense Foundation; Golos Association in Defense of Voters' Rights; Greenpeace Russia; Human Rights Watch (Russian chapter); Institute for Collective Action; Memorial (human rights group); Movement Against Illegal Migration; Pamjat (preservation of historical monuments and recording of history); Russian Orthodox Church; Russian Federation of Car Owners; Russian-Chechen Friendship Society; SOVA Analytical-Information Center; Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers; World Wildlife Fund (Russian chapter)
|
| International organization participation: |
APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BSEC, CBSS, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, G-20, G-8, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURCAT, MINURSO, MONUC, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD (accession state), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC
|
| Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission: Ambassador Sergey Ivanovich KISLYAK
chancery:
2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone:
[1] (202) 298-5700, 5701, 5704, 5708
FAX:
[1] (202) 298-5735
consulate(s) general:
Houston, New York, San Francisco, Seattle
|
| Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission: Ambassador John R. BEYRLE
embassy:
Bolshoy Deviatinskiy Pereulok No. 8, 121099 Moscow
mailing address:
PSC-77, APO AE 09721
telephone:
[7] (495) 728-5000
FAX:
[7] (495) 728-5090
consulate(s) general:
Saint Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg
|
| ^Back to Top |
| Economy |
|
Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a globally-isolated, centrally-planned economy to a more market-based and globally-integrated economy. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy and defense-related sectors. Nonetheless, the rapid privatization process, including a much criticized "loans-for-shares" scheme that turned over major state-owned firms to politically-connected "oligarchs", has left equity ownership highly concentrated. The protection of property rights is still weak and the private sector remains subject to heavy state interference. Russian industry is primarily split between globally-competitive commodity producers - Russia in 2009 became the world's largest exporter of both oil and natural gas and is also the third largest exporter of steel and primary aluminum - and other less competitive heavy industries that remain dependent on the Russian domestic market. This reliance on commodity exports makes Russia vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the highly volatile swings in global commodity prices. The government since 2007 has embarked on an ambitious program to reduce this dependency and build up the country's high technology sectors, but with few results so far. A revival of Russian agriculture in recent years has led to Russia shifting from being a net grain importer to a net grain exporter. The economy had averaged 7% growth since the 1998 Russian financial crisis, resulting in a doubling of real disposable incomes and the emergence of a middle class. The Russian economy, however, was one of the hardest hit by the 2008-09 global economic crisis as oil prices plummeted and the foreign credits that Russian banks and firms relied on dried up. The Central Bank of Russia spent one-third of its $600 billion international reserves, the world's third largest, in late 2008 to slow the devaluation of the ruble. The government also devoted $200 billion in a rescue plan to increase liquidity in the banking sector and aid Russian firms unable to roll over large foreign debts coming due. The economic decline appears to have bottomed out in mid-2009 and by the second half of the year there were signs that the economy was growing, albeit slowly. Long-term challenges include a shrinking workforce, a high level of corruption, and poor infrastructure in need of large capital investment.
|
| GDP (purchasing power parity): | GDP (purchasing power parity):
$2.103 trillion (2009 est.)
$2.298 trillion (2008 est.)
$2.176 trillion (2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
|
| GDP (official exchange rate): | GDP (official exchange rate):
$1.255 trillion (2009 est.)
|
| GDP - real growth rate: |
-8.5% (2009 est.)
5.6% (2008 est.)
8.1% (2007 est.)
|
| GDP - per capita (PPP): | GDP - per capita (PPP):
$15,200 (2009 est.)
$16,300 (2008 est.)
$15,400 (2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
|
| GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 5.2%
industry:
37%
services:
57.9% (2009 est.)
|
| Labor force: |
75.81 million (2009 est.)
|
| Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture: 10%
industry:
31.9%
services:
58.1% (2007 est.)
|
| Unemployment rate: |
8.9% (2009 est.)
6.5% (2008 est.)
|
| Population below poverty line: |
15.8% (November 2007)
|
| Household income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%: 1.9%
highest 10%:
30.4% (September 2007)
|
| Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
42.3 (2008)
39.9 (2001)
|
| Inflation rate (consumer prices): | Inflation rate (consumer prices):
11.9% (2009 est.)
14.1% (2008 est.)
|
| Investment (gross fixed): | Investment (gross fixed):
20% of GDP (2009 est.)
|
| Budget: |
revenues: $205.3 billion
expenditures:
$306.6 billion (2009 est.)
|
| Public debt: |
6.9% of GDP (2009 est.)
6.5% of GDP (2008 est.)
|
| Agriculture - products: |
grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, vegetables, fruits; beef, milk
|
| Industries: |
complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries including radar, missile production, and advanced electronic components, shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts
|
| Industrial production growth rate: |
-11% (2009 est.)
|
| Electricity - production: |
1.04 trillion kWh (2007 est.)
|
| Electricity - consumption: |
1.023 trillion kWh (2007 est.)
|
| Electricity - exports: |
20.7 billion kWh (2008 est.)
|
| Electricity - imports: |
3.105 billion kWh (2008 est.)
|
| Oil - production: |
9.81 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
| Oil - consumption: |
2.8 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
|
| Oil - exports: |
4.93 million bbl/day (2007 est.)
|
| Oil - imports: |
48,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
|
| Oil - proved reserves: |
79 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
|
| Natural gas - production: |
662.2 billion cu m (2008 est.)
|
| Natural gas - consumption: |
420.2 billion cu m (2008 est.)
|
| Natural gas - exports: |
245 billion cu m (2008 est.)
|
| Natural gas - imports: |
56.9 billion cu m (2008 est.)
|
| Natural gas - proved reserves: |
43.3 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
|
| Current account balance: |
$42.08 billion (2009 est.)
$102.4 billion (2008 est.)
|
| Exports: |
$295.6 billion (2009 est.)
$471.6 billion (2008 est.)
|
| Exports - commodities: |
petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures
|
| Exports - partners: |
Netherlands 11.2%, Italy 8.1%, Germany 8%, Turkey 6%, Ukraine 5.1%, Poland 4.5%, China 4.3% (2008)
|
| Imports: |
$196.8 billion (2009 est.)
$291.9 billion (2008 est.)
|
| Imports - commodities: |
vehicles, machinery and equipment, plastics, medicines, iron and steel, consumer goods, meat, fruits and nuts, semifinished metal products
|
| Imports - partners: |
Germany 13.5%, China 13.2%, Japan 6.5%, Ukraine 6%, US 4.5%, Italy 4.3% (2008)
|
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$439 billion (31 December 2009 est.) est.)
$427.1 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
|
| Debt - external: |
$369.2 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
$483.5 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
|
| Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: |
$255.6 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
$491.2 billion (31 December 2007)
|
| Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: |
$196.7 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
$176.7 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
|
| Market value of publicly traded shares: |
$397.2 billion (31 December 2008)
$1.503 trillion (31 December 2007)
$1.057 trillion (31 December 2006 est.)
|
| Exchange rates: |
Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar - 32 (2009 est.), 24.853 (2008), 25.581 (2007), 27.191 (2006), 28.284 (2005)
|
| ^Back to Top |
| Communications |
| Telephones in use: |
44.2 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 5
|
| Cellular Phones in use: |
187.5 million (2008)
|
| Telephone system: |
general assessment: the telephone system is experiencing significant changes; there are more than 1,000 companies licensed to offer communication services; access to digital lines has improved, particularly in urban centers; Internet and e-mail services are improving; Russia has made progress toward building the telecommunications infrastructure necessary for a market economy; the estimated number of mobile subscribers jumped from fewer than 1 million in 1998 to nearly 188 million in 2008; a large demand for main line service remains unsatisfied
domestic:
cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas; in rural areas, the telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low density
international:
country code - 7; Russia is connected internationally by undersea fiber optic cables; digital switches in several cities provide more than 50,000 lines for international calls; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems (2008)
|
| Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 323, FM 1,500 est., shortwave 62 (2004)
|
| Television broadcast stations: |
7,306 (1998)
|
| Internet country code: |
.ru; note - Russia also has responsibility for a legacy domain ".su" that was allocated to the Soviet Union and is being phased out
|
| Internet hosts: |
7.663 million (2009)
|
| Internet users: |
45.25 million (2008)
|
| ^Back to Top |
| Transportation |
| Airports: |
1,216 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 5
|
| Airports (paved runways): |
total: 595
over 3,047 m:
52
2,438 to 3,047 m:
198
1,524 to 2,437 m:
129
914 to 1,523 m:
99
under 914 m:
117 (2009)
|
| Airports (unpaved runways): |
total: 621
over 3,047 m:
3
2,438 to 3,047 m:
13
1,524 to 2,437 m:
68
914 to 1,523 m:
84
under 914 m:
453 (2009)
|
| Heliports: |
48 (2009)
|
| Pipelines: |
condensate 122 km; gas 158,767 km; liquid petroleum gas 127 km; oil 74,285 km; refined products 13,658 km; water 23 km (2008)
|
| Railways: |
total: 87,157 km
broad gauge:
86,200 km 1.520-m gauge (40,300 km electrified)
narrow gauge:
957 km 1.067-m gauge (on Sakhalin Island)
note:
an additional 30,000 km of non-common carrier lines serve industries (2006)
|
| Roadways: |
total: 933,000 km
paved:
754,984 km (includes 30,000 km of expressways)
unpaved:
178,016 km
note:
includes public, local, and departmental roads (2006)
|
| Waterways: |
102,000 km (including 33,000 km with guaranteed depth)
note:
72,000 km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea (2007)
|
| Merchant marine: |
total: 1,074
by type:
bulk carrier 25, cargo 663, carrier 2, chemical tanker 27, combination ore/oil 34, container 11, passenger 14, passenger/cargo 7, petroleum tanker 217, refrigerated cargo 59, roll on/roll off 10, specialized tanker 5
foreign-owned:
112 (Belgium 4, Cyprus 2, Germany 1, Greece 1, Italy 4, South Korea 1, Latvia 2, Norway 2, Switzerland 3, Turkey 80, Ukraine 11, US 1)
registered in other countries:
486 (Antigua and Barbuda 4, Bahamas 4, Belize 31, Bulgaria 1, Cambodia 83, Comoros 12, Cyprus 50, Dominica 3, Georgia 12, Hong Kong 2, Jamaica 3, Liberia 94, Malaysia 2, Malta 58, Marshall Islands 9, Moldova 3, Mongolia 9, Panama 18, Saint Kitts and Nevis 19, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 21, Sierra Leone 11, Slovakia 1, Tuvalu 2, Ukraine 1, Vanuatu 2, unknown 31) (2008)
|
| Ports and terminals: |
Azov, Kaliningrad, Kavkaz, Nakhodka, Novorossiysk, Primorsk, Saint Petersburg, Vostochnyy
|
| ^Back to Top |
| Military |
|
| Military branches: |
Ground Forces (Sukhoputnyye Voyskia, SV), Navy (Voyenno-Morskoy Flot, VMF), Air Forces (Voyenno-Vozdushniye Sily, VVS); Airborne Troops (VDV), Strategic Rocket Forces (Raketnyye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya, RVSN), and Space Troops (Kosmicheskiye Voyska, KV) are independent "combat arms," not subordinate to any of the three branches; Russian Ground Forces include the following combat arms: motorized-rifle troops, tank troops, missile and artillery troops, air defense of ground troops (2009)
|
| Military service age and obligation: |
18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; males are registered for the draft at 17 years of age; service obligation - 1 year; reserve obligation to age 50; as of July 2008, a draft military strategy called for the draft to continue up to the year 2030 (2009)
|
| Manpower available for military service: |
males age 16-49: 36,219,908
females age 16-49:
37,019,853 (2008 est.)
|
| Manpower fit for military service: |
males age 16-49: 21,098,306
females age 16-49:
27,968,883 (2009 est.)
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