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| Geography |
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Landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia
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| Location: |
Northern Asia, between China and Russia
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| Geographic coordinates: |
46 00 N, 105 00 E
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| Area: |
total: 1,564,116 sq km
land:
1,553,556 sq km
water:
10,560 sq km
Size comparison:
slightly smaller than Alaska
|
| Land Boundaries: |
total: 8,220 km
border countries:
China 4,677 km, Russia 3,543 km
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| Coastline: |
0 km (landlocked)
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| Maritime claims: |
none (landlocked)
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| Climate: |
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
|
| Terrain: |
vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central
|
| Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Hoh Nuur 518 m
highest point:
Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m
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| Natural resources: |
oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron
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| Land use: |
arable land: 0.76%
permanent crops:
0%
other:
99.24% (2005)
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| Irrigated land: |
840 sq km (2003)
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| Natural hazards: |
dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions
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| Current Environment Issues: |
limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment
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| International Environment Agreements: |
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
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| People |
| Population: |
3,041,142 (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 136
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| Age structure: |
0-14 years: 28.1% (male 436,391/female 418,923)
15-64 years:
67.9% (male 1,031,819/female 1,033,806)
65 years and over:
4% (male 52,430/female 67,773) (2009 est.)
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| Median age: |
total: 25.3 years
male:
24.9 years
female:
25.7 years (2009 est.)
|
| Population growth rate: |
1.493% (2009 est.)
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| Birth rate: |
21.05 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
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| Death rate: |
6.12 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
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| Net migration rate: |
NA (2009 est.)
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| Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.77 male(s)/female
total population:
1 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
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| Infant mortality rate: |
total: 39.88 deaths/1,000 live births
male:
42.99 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
36.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
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| Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 67.65 years
male:
65.23 years
female:
70.19 years (2009 est.)
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| Total fertility rate: |
2.23 children born/woman (2009 est.)
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| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
less than 0.1% (2007 est.)
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| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
fewer than 500 (2007 est.)
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| HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
fewer than 200 (2003 est.)
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| Nationality: |
noun: Mongolian(s)
adjective:
Mongolian
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| Ethnic groups: |
Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)
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| Religions: |
Buddhist Lamaist 50%, Shamanist and Christian 6%, Muslim 4%, none 40% (2004)
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| Languages: |
Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999)
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| Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
97.8%
male:
98%
female:
97.5% (2000 census)
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| Government |
| Country name: |
conventional long form: none
conventional short form:
Mongolia
local long form:
none
local short form:
Mongol Uls
former:
Outer Mongolia
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| Government type: |
parliamentary
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| Capital: |
name: Ulaanbaatar
geographic coordinates:
47 55 N, 106 55 E
time difference:
UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
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| Administrative divisions: |
21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
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| Independence: |
11 July 1921 (from China)
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| National holiday: |
Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)
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| Constitution: |
13 January 1992
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| Legal system: |
blend of Soviet and German systems that employ "continental" or "civil" code; case-precedent may be used to inform judges, but all decisions must refer to the law as written; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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| Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal
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| Executive branch: |
chief of state: President Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (since 18 June 2009)
head of government:
Prime Minister Sukhbaatar BATBOLD (since 29 October 2009); First Deputy Prime Minister (Norov ALTANKHUYAG (since 20 September 2008); Deputy Prime Minister Miegombyn ENKHBOLD (since 6 December 2007)
cabinet:
Cabinet nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president and confirmed by the State Great Hural (parliament)
elections:
presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 24 May 2009 (next to be held in May 2013); following legislative elections, leader of majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by State Great Hural
election results:
in elections in May 2009, Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ elected president; percent of vote - Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ 51.24%, Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR 47.44%, others 1.32%
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| Legislative branch: |
unicameral State Great Hural 76 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms
elections:
last held 29 June 2008 (next to be held in June 2012)
election results:
percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - MPRP 46, DP 27, others 3
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| Judicial branch: |
Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts and approved by the president)
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| Political parties and leaders: |
Democratic Party or DP [Norov ALTANHUYAG]; Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Sanjaa BAYAR]
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| Political pressure groups and leaders: |
other: human rights groups; women's groups
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| International organization participation: |
ADB, ARF, CICA, CP, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURCAT, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OPCW, OSCE (partner), SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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| Diplomatic representation in the US: |
chief of mission: Ambassador Khasbazaryn BEKHBAT
chancery:
2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone:
[1] (202) 333-7117
FAX:
[1] (202) 298-9227
consulate(s) general:
New York
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| Diplomatic representation from the US: |
chief of mission: Ambassador Jonathan ADDLETON
embassy:
Big Ring Road, 11th Micro Region, Ulaanbaatar, 14171 Mongolia
mailing address:
PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002; P.O. Box 1021, Ulaanbaatar-13
telephone:
[976] (11) 329-095
FAX:
[976] (11) 320-776
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| Economy |
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Economic activity in Mongolia has traditionally been based on herding and agriculture - Mongolia's extensive mineral deposits, however, have attracted foreign investors. The country holds copper, gold, coal, molybdenum, fluorspar, uranium, tin, and tungsten deposits, which account for a large part of foreign direct investment and government revenues. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession, because of political inaction and natural disasters, as well as economic growth, because of reform-embracing, free-market economics and extensive privatization of the formerly state-run economy. Severe winters and summer droughts in 2000-02 resulted in massive livestock die-off and zero or negative GDP growth. This was compounded by falling prices for Mongolia's primary sector exports and widespread opposition to privatization. Growth averaged nearly 9% per year in 2004-08 largely because of high copper prices and new gold production. In 2008 Mongolia experienced a soaring inflation rate with year-to-year inflation reaching nearly 30% - the highest inflation rate in over a decade. By late 2008, as the country began to feel the effects of the global financial crisis, falling commodity prices helped lower inflation, but also reduced government revenues and forced cuts in spending. In early 2009, the International Monetary Fund reached a $224 million Stand-by Arrangement with Mongolia, and the country has started to move out of the crisis, although the banking sector remains unstable. In October 2009, the government passed long-awaited legislation on an investment agreement to develop Mongolia's Oyu Tolgoi mine, considered to be one of the world's largest untapped copper deposits. Mongolia's economy continues to be heavily influenced by its neighbors. Mongolia purchases 95% of its petroleum products and a substantial amount of electric power from Russia, leaving it vulnerable to price increases. Trade with China represents more than half of Mongolia's total external trade - China receives about three-fourths of Mongolia's exports. Remittances from Mongolians working abroad are sizable, but have fallen due to the economic crisis; money laundering is a growing concern. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade regimes.
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| GDP (purchasing power parity): | GDP (purchasing power parity):
$10.48 billion (2009 est.)
$9.612 billion (2008 est.)
$8.819 billion (2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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| GDP (official exchange rate): | GDP (official exchange rate):
$4.212 billion (2009 est.)
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| GDP - real growth rate: |
9% (2009 est.)
9% (2008 est.)
9.9% (2007 est.)
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| GDP - per capita (PPP): | GDP - per capita (PPP):
$3,400 (2009 est.)
$3,200 (2008 est.)
$3,000 (2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
|
| GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 18.8%
industry:
38.5%
services:
42.7% (2008)
|
| Labor force: |
1.068 million (2008)
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| Labor force - by occupation: |
agriculture: 34%
industry:
5%
services:
61% (2008)
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| Unemployment rate: |
2.8% (2008 est.)
3% (2007)
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| Population below poverty line: |
36.1% (2004)
|
| Household income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%: 2.9%
highest 10%:
24.9% (2005)
|
| Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
32.8 (2002)
44 (1998)
|
| Inflation rate (consumer prices): | Inflation rate (consumer prices):
28% (2008 est.)
9% (2007 est.)
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| Budget: |
revenues: $1.71 billion
expenditures:
$1.95 billion (2008)
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| Agriculture - products: |
wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses
|
| Industries: |
construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, and gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing
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| Industrial production growth rate: |
3% (2006 est.)
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| Electricity - production: |
3.979 billion kWh (2008)
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| Electricity - consumption: |
3.491 billion kWh (2008)
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| Electricity - exports: |
15.8 million kWh (2008)
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| Electricity - imports: |
197.5 million kWh (2008)
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| Oil - production: |
3,216 bbl/day (2008)
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| Oil - consumption: |
15,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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| Oil - exports: |
0 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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| Oil - imports: |
17,680 bbl/day (2008)
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| Oil - proved reserves: |
0 bbl
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| Natural gas - production: |
0 cu m (2008 est.)
|
| Natural gas - consumption: |
0 cu m (2008 est.)
|
| Natural gas - exports: |
0 cu m (2008 est.)
|
| Natural gas - imports: |
0 cu m (2008 est.)
|
| Natural gas - proved reserves: |
0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
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| Current account balance: |
$-1 billion (2008 est.)
$-23 million (2007 est.)
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| Exports: |
$2.539 billion (2008 est.)
$1.889 billion (2007)
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| Exports - commodities: |
copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals, coal
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| Exports - partners: |
China 74%, Canada 9.4%, Russia 3.3% (2008)
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| Imports: |
$3.615 billion (2008 est.)
$2.117 billion (2007)
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| Imports - commodities: |
machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
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| Imports - partners: |
Russia 34.1%, China 29.1%, South Korea 7.6%, Japan 7.4% (2008)
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| Debt - external: |
$1.6 billion (2008 est.)
$1.438 billion (2007 est.)
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| Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: |
$NA
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| Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: |
$NA
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| Market value of publicly traded shares: |
$412 million (31 December 2008)
$612.2 million (31 December 2007)
$112.6 million (31 December 2006)
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| Exchange rates: |
togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - 1,267.51 (2008), 1,170 (2007), 1,165 (2006), 1,205 (2005), 1,185.3 (2004)
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| Communications |
| Telephones in use: |
165,000 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 129
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| Cellular Phones in use: |
1.796 million (2008)
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| Telephone system: |
general assessment: network is improving with international direct dialing available in many areas
domestic:
very low fixed-line density; there are multiple mobile cellular service providers and subscribership is increasing rapidly; a fiber-optic network has been installed that is improving broadband and communication services between major urban centers with multiple companies providing inter-city fiber-optic cable services
international:
country code - 976; satellite earth stations - 7
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| Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 7, FM 115 (includes 20 national radio broadcaster repeaters), shortwave 4 (2006)
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| Television broadcast stations: |
68 (2008)
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| Internet country code: |
.mn
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| Internet hosts: |
524 (2009)
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| Internet users: |
330,000 (2008)
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| Transportation |
| Airports: |
45 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 95
|
| Airports (paved runways): |
total: 14
over 3,047 m:
1
2,438 to 3,047 m:
11
1,524 to 2,437 m:
2 (2009)
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| Airports (unpaved runways): |
total: 31
over 3,047 m:
1
2,438 to 3,047 m:
4
1,524 to 2,437 m:
24
914 to 1,523 m:
1
under 914 m:
1 (2009)
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| Heliports: |
1 (2009)
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| Railways: |
total: 1,810 km
broad gauge:
1,810 km 1.520-m gauge (2008)
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| Roadways: |
total: 49,249 km
paved:
2,671 km
unpaved:
46,578 km (2008)
|
| Waterways: |
580 km
note:
only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol (135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and rivers freeze in winter, are open from May to September (2007)
|
| Merchant marine: |
total: 77
by type:
bulk carrier 20, cargo 44, chemical tanker 2, liquefied gas 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 2, roll on/roll off 6, vehicle carrier 1
foreign-owned:
53 (China 1, Germany 4, Indonesia 1, North Korea 1, South Korea 1, Lebanon 2, Russia 9, Singapore 9, Thailand 1, Ukraine 1, Vietnam 23) (2008)
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| Military |
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| Military branches: |
Mongolian Armed Forces: Mongolian Army, Mongolian Air Force; there is no navy (2009)
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| Military service age and obligation: |
18-25 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 12 months in land or air defense forces or police; a small portion of Mongolian land forces (2.5 percent) is comprised of contract soldiers; women cannot be deployed overseas for military operations (2006)
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| Manpower available for military service: |
males age 16-49: 865,425
females age 16-49:
860,669 (2008 est.)
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| Manpower fit for military service: |
males age 16-49: 706,774
females age 16-49:
740,550 (2009 est.)
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